Editorial Policies

The following policies apply to Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Overview

Pharmaceutical Sciences adheres to the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing  and endorses the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) Policy Statement on Geopolitical Intrusion on Editorial Decisions, the Council of Science Editors’ Recommendations for Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.

Submitting a manuscript to Pharmaceutical Sciences implies that all contributors listed as authors have read and agreed to the content of the submitted work and that the submission observes the policies of the journal.

Table of contents

• Ethics and consent
• Trial registration
• Standards of reporting
• Research involving plants
• Biosafety and biosecurity
• Sex and gender in research (SAGER Guidelines)
• Data sharing
• Competing interests
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Authorship
• Unique identifiers
• Citations
• Duplicate publication
• Text recycling
• Peer review
• Confidentiality
• Misconduct
• Corrections and retractions

Ethics and consent

Ethics approval

Pharmaceutical Sciences follows the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and adhere to its Best Practice Guidelines.

Every submission reporting a research must include a statement to verify that ethics approval was sought for the study (or a statement that it was not required and why), including the name of the ethics committee(s) or institutional review board(s), the reference number/ID of the approval(s), and a statement that participants gave informed consent before participating. Even when a study has been approved by a research ethics committee or institutional review board, editors may ask authors for more detailed information about the ethics of the work. Also, research involving human subjects, human tissue, or human data must have been performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and must have been approved by an appropriate ethics committee. Submissions may be declined if the journals’ editors come to conclusion that a research has not been carried out within an appropriate ethical framework. The editors may also contact the institutions’ ethics committee for further information in certain cases.

Allegations of publication misconduct, both before and after publication will be carefully inspected and we reserve the right to contact authors' institutions, funders, or regulatory bodies if necessary. If a conclusive evidence of misconduct is noticed, proper steps will be taken to correct the scientific record, which may include supplying a correction or retraction.

Authors are assumed that they are aware of publication ethics, specifically with regard to authorship, dual submission, plagiarism, figure manipulation, competing interests and compliance with standards of research ethics. In cases of suspected misconduct, COPE standards and practices will be followed and advice from the COPE forum will be ascertained.

Retrospective ethics approval
If a study has not been granted ethics committee approval prior to commencing, retrospective ethics approval usually cannot be obtained and it may not be possible to consider the submission for peer review. The decision on whether to proceed to peer review in such cases is at the discretion of the journals’ editors.

Patient consent and confidentiality
Any item submitted to Pharmaceutical Sciences, containing personal medical information about an identifiable living individual, requires patient’s explicit consent before it can be published. Consequently, all studied patients are required to sign an informed consent form after reading the related information sheet.
If consent cannot be obtained because the patient cannot be traced in a study, then publication will be possible only if the information can be sufficiently anonymized. Anonymization means that neither the person nor anyone else could identify the individual with certainty.
If the patient is dead the authors should seek permission from a relative (as a matter of courtesy and medical ethics). If the relatives are not contactable, the journals will balance the worthwhileness of the case, the likelihood of identification, and the likelihood of offence in decision to publish a submitted paper.
Images—such as x-rays, laparoscopic images, ultrasound images, pathology slides, or images of undistinctive parts of the body—may be used without consent so long as they are anonymized by the removal of any identifying marks and are not accompanied by text that could reveal the patients’ identity.

Research involving animals 
Experimental research on vertebrates or any regulated invertebrates must comply with institutional, national, or international guidelines, and where available should have been approved by an appropriate ethics committee. The Basel Declaration outlines fundamental principles to adhere when conducting research on animals and the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) has also publishedethical guidelines in this regard.
For experimental studies involving client-owned animals, authors must also document informed consent from the client or owner and adherence to a high standard (best practice) of veterinary care.

Research involving vulnerable participants
 Authors must identify vulnerable participants (e.g., children, prisoners, individuals with cognitive disabilities, older adults, ...) in their submissions. Obtaining informed consent from participants is mandatory, ensuring they are fully informed about the study’s purpose, nature, risks, and their right to withdraw at any time. Studies involving vulnerable populations must be approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Ethics Committee before commencement. Confidentiality and secure handling of sensitive data must be ensured. Recruitment guidelines must demonstrate that participation is voluntary and free from coercion. Researchers are required to outline measures for identifying and mitigating potential risks and for ongoing monitoring of participants during the study. Reporting should prioritize the protection of participants’ identities and comply with international ethical guidelines and regulations for research involving vulnerable populations.

Trial registration

Based on the ICMJE recommendations a clinical trial is defined as “any research project that prospectively assigns people or a group of people to an intervention, with or without concurrent comparison or control groups, to study the cause-and-effect, relationship between a health-related intervention and a health outcome.”

In agreement with the ICMJE’s recommendations, Pharmaceutical Sciences not will consider reports of clinical trials unless registered prospectively before recruitment of the participants.

Also, all trials must be recorded in a public registry of trials approved by the ICMJE (any registry that is a primary register of the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform www.who.int/ictrp/network/primary/en/index.html).

Standards of reporting

Authors are encouraged to use the relevant research reporting guidelines for the study type provided by the EQUATOR Network when preparing their manuscript. Authors should adhere to these guidelines when drafting their manuscript, and peer reviewers will be asked to refer to these checklists when evaluating such studies. This will ensure that the authors have provided enough information for editors, peer reviewers, and readers to understand how the research was performed and to judge whether the findings are likely to be reliable.

The key reporting guidelines are:

• Randomized controlled trials (RCTs): CONSORT guidelines
• Systematic reviews and meta-analyses: PRISMA guidelines and MOOSE guidelines
• Observational studies in epidemiology: STROBE guidelines
• Diagnostic accuracy studies: STARD guidelines
• Quality improvement studies: SQUIRE guidelines
• Qualitative research: SRQR or COREQ
• Economic evaluations: CHEERS
• Case reports: the CARE case report guidelines

Statistical methods

Authors are requested to include full information about the applied statistical methods and measures in their research, including justification of the appropriateness of the statistical test used (see the SAMPL guidelines for more information). Reviewers will be asked to check the statistical methods, and the submission may be sent for statistical review by specialists if considered necessary. The editors may also consult a specialist in the field of methodology.

Research involving plants

To support reproducibility, voucher specimens for all wild plants described in a manuscript must be deposited in a public herbarium or other public collection that provides access to deposited material. Information on the voucher specimen and who identified it must be included in the manuscript.

Biosafety and biosecurity

All necessary statements regarding biosafety and biosecurity concerns such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), toxins, pathogenic agents, and radioactive materials should be clarified and the regulatory frameworks for biosafety and biosecurity should be addressed. Similar to the regulatory frameworks, such as the Nagoya Protocol, all necessary measures must be included. https://www.cbd.int/abs/

Sex and gender in research (SAGER Guidelines)

We encourage our authors to follow the ‘Sex and Gender Equity in Research – SAGER – guidelines’ and to include sex and gender considerations where relevant. Authors should use the terms sex (biological attribute) and gender (shaped by social and cultural circumstances) carefully in order to avoid confusing both terms. Article titles and/or abstracts should indicate clearly what sex (es) the study applies to.

Data Sharing

Pharmaceutical Sciences encourages authors to share the data and any other material associated with methodology and the results of the submitted articles, in an appropriate public repository, or as open access supplementary to the article. In line with ICMJE recommendations, a data sharing statement is required for manuscripts reporting the results of clinical trials, on whether and how the data will be available. For more information, please consult ICMJE recommendations (http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/clinical-trial-registration.html#two).

Competing interests

A competing interest is anything that interferes with, or could reasonably be perceived as interfering with, the full and objective presentation, peer review, editorial decision-making, or publication of research or non-research articles submitted to the Pharmaceutical Sciences.

A competing interest exists when professional judgement concerning a primary interest (such as patients’ welfare or the validity of research) may be influenced by a secondary interest (such as financial gain,—employment, consultancies, stock ownership or options, honoraria, patents, and paid expert—testimony or personal relationship). There is nothing unethical about a competing interest but it should be acknowledged and clearly stated. All authors must declare all competing interests in their covering letter and in the “competing interests” section upon submission. Where authors have no competing interests, the statement should read “The author(s) declare(s) that they have no competing interests with regards to authorship and/or publication of this article.” The Editor may ask for further information if needed.

Editors and reviewers are also required to declare any competing interests and will be excluded from the peer review process if a competing interest exists. Moreover, none of the Pharmaceutical Sciences’ editors should have any financial relationship with any biomedical company.

Declaring all potential competing interests is a requirement and is integral to the transparent reporting of research. Failure to declare competing interests can result in immediate rejection of a manuscript. If an undisclosed competing interest comes to light after publication, Pharmaceutical Sciences will take action in accordance with COPE guidelines and issue a public notification to the community.

Competing interests can be financial or non-financial, professional, or personal. Competing interests can arise in relation to an organization or a person.

Financial competing interests

Financial competing interests include (but are not limited to):

• Receiving reimbursements, fees, funding, or salary from an organization that may in any way gain or lose financially from the publication of the manuscript, either now or in the future.
• Holding stocks or shares in an organization that may in any way gain or lose financially from the publication of the manuscript, either now or in the future.
• Holding, or currently applying for patents relating to the content of the manuscript.
• Receiving reimbursements, fees, funding, or salary from an organization that holds or has applied for patents relating to the content of the manuscript.

Non-financial competing interests

Non-financial competing interests include (but are not limited to) political, personal, ideological, academic, and intellectual competing interests.

Commercial organizations

Authors from pharmaceutical companies, or other commercial organizations that sponsor clinical trials, should declare these as competing interests on submission. They should also adhere to the Good Publication Practice guidelines for pharmaceutical companies (GPP2), which are designed to ensure that publications are produced in a responsible and ethical manner. The guidelines also apply to any companies or individuals that work on industry-sponsored publications, such as freelance writers, contract research organizations and communications companies. Also, Pharmaceutical Sciences will not publish advertorial content.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

  The use of AI tools in research and publishing has become inevitable. Accordingly, Pharmaceutical Sciences, in alignment with the emergence of this technology, has since 2023 established and articulated policies regarding the use of AI tools and the requirements for transparency and disclosure in scholarly articles.   

Pharmaceutical Sciences the guidelines of COPE and ICMJE regarding AI. The corresponding author must disclose the use of generative AI tools such as large language models (LLMs) in scientific writing at the time of manuscript submission, in accordance with the following policies:

Use of AI Tools by Authors

• Authors may use AI to edit language, correct grammar, and enhance manuscript readability.
• Each author is responsible for the content of their work, including any sections developed or revised using AI tools.
• AI tools should not be used to generate content that replaces original scientific thinking or the interpretation of research findings.
• AI tools should not be listed as authors or co-authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, or originality of the work, which is required for authorship. 
• Authors are prohibited from using AI-assisted tools to generate primary research figures (microscopy images, histology images, western blots, gels, radiology scans, patient images, etc.). For example, AI tools may produce inaccurate figures, incorrect text labels, and structural distortions in visual data like arteries, veins, etc.
• AI-assisted tools cannot be utilized to create primary research figures such as microscopy, radiology scans, western blots, histology, etc due to the risk of structural distortion and factual inaccuracy.

• Authors are strictly prohibited from using AI tools to generate graphical abstracts. A graphical abstract is intended to present the principal findings and key message of a study in an accurate visual format.
• The use of AI to create or alter figures, images, or visual data is not allowed unless it is as part of the research methods (e.g. AI-assisted imaging techniques used to generate or interpret research data, or predictive modeling of clinical outcomes based on patient data). In such cases, authors must clearly describe how AI was used and ensure the scientific validity and methodological integrity of the resulting visuals.
• At the end of the manuscript, authors must include a statement under the section entitled "Declaration of AI-Assisted Tools in the Writing Process." This statement should include:

• the name and version of the AI tool(s) used;
• the specific purpose for which the tool(s) were used; and
• confirmation that all AI-generated content was carefully reviewed, verified, and edited by the authors, who take full responsibility for the final manuscript.

Example: "The authors used Llama 3.3 for language editing and paraphrasing of the Discussion section. All AI-generated text was carefully reviewed for accuracy, and the authors take full responsibility for the final content of the manuscript."

• Undisclosed AI usage may be considered as a violation of publication ethics and can result in manuscript rejection or post-publication retraction.
• AI-generated material must not be cited or referenced as a primary source.

Use of AI by Editors/Reviewers

• Reviewers and editors must not use AI tools during peer review, as uploading a manuscript violates authors’ confidentiality and proprietary rights. 
• Editors and reviewers should be aware that AI-generated content may appear convincing while being inaccurate, incomplete, misleading, or biased.

Editorial Evaluation

3. Given that Pharmaceutical Sciences use both Turnitin and iThenticate (AI-detection and similarity-checking software), the editorial office of each journal reserves the right to conduct manual editorial assessments and reference verification to ensure the accuracy, validity, and integrity of submitted content. These editorial checks serve as an editorial filter and do not absolve authors of responsibility for unauthorized AI use, fabricated data, or any other form of research misconduct.
4. Any manuscript or published article suspected of containing unauthorized AI-generated content, fabricated or falsified data, or AI-generated references that have not been verified by the authors will be subject to further investigation and may be rejected (if under review) or retracted (if already published) in accordance with COPE guidelines.

All manuscripts using AI tools should follow the GAMER guideline (https://ebm.bmj.com/content/early/2025/05/13/bmjebm-2025-113825) for proper reporting and ethical integrity.

Authorship
An 'author' is generally considered to be someone who has made substantive intellectual contributions to a published study.

The ICMJE recommends that authorship be based on the following four criteria:

1. Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work or the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data.

2. Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content.

3. Final approval of the published version.

4. Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

In addition to being accountable for the parts of the work the authors have done, an author should be able to identify which co-authors are responsible for specific other parts of the work. In addition, authors should have confidence in the integrity of the contributions of their co-authors. All those designated as authors should meet all four criteria for authorship, and all who meet the four criteria should be identified as authors.

Participation solely in the acquisition of funding, gathering of the data, technical help, writing assistance and general supervision of the research group does not warrant authorship. Those who do not meet all four criteria should appear in the “Acknowledgments” section.

Acknowledgments

The individuals who provided assistance to the submitted work, who do not meet all the four criteria of authorship, should be recognized by listing their names and contribution in the “Acknowledgments” section. The authors have to guarantee that anyone named in the “Acknowledgements” section has granted its clearance for permission to be listed for the stated contributions towards the work.

Financial and material support should also be acknowledged. All sources of grant and other support for the project or study, including funds received from contributors, institutions and commercial sources are required to be reported. Consultancies and funds paid directly to investigators must also be listed. The involvement of scientific (medical) writers or anyone else who assisted with the preparation of the manuscript content should be acknowledged, along with their source of funding, as described in the European Medical Writers Association (EMWA) guidelines.

Considering our commitment to transparency and ethical practices, the authors are required to acknowledge the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the "Acknowledgments" section in this order:
-The specific AI tools or technologies used.
-What you used the AI tools or technologies for in the process of completing your assessment
the prompts you used in the AI tools or technologies
-An explanation of how the output from the AI tools or technologies was used in your work.
Accordingly, if any part of the text has been produced with the assistance of artificial intelligence, authors must include the following statement:
"We would like to acknowledge that [certain portions of the text] in this work were generated with the assistance of artificial intelligence technology. The specific technology used was [mention the AI technology or model used], and its contribution to the content is appreciated."

Author information

Author information is published by the journals so that the authors and their institutes be recognizable for the scientific community. Author information is also used to retrieve records in databases and bibliographic indexes, and yet many databases either do not include or do not list all author information. We recognize that some authors have multi-part first, middle or last names and that some authors do not have a middle name, but a part of their first or last name has been used previously to provide a middle name initial in another publication.

Pharmaceutical Sciences publishes author information, including their names and affiliations in the same format supplied by the corresponding author upon submission. To ensure that publications have correct author information, to avoid any errors regarding how a certain author name should be spelled or supplied to bibliographic indexes and databases and to keep changes in proofing of the articles or corrections after their publication to a minimum, the authors are required to review and approve an automatically-generated presentation of author information upon submission, as in a published record, based on their provided information. This includes how author information will appear in such databases like as PubMed and Scopus. Therefore, the authors should enter their information in the provided submission area in a way that is bibliographically consistent with their previous publications.

Authorship changes

Any change in authorship (i.e., order, addition, and deletion of authors) after initial submission must be approved by all authors. Authors should determine and come to an agreement about the order of authorship among themselves. In addition, any alterations must be clarified to the editor. In line with COPE guidelines, Pharmaceutical Sciences requires written confirmation from all authors that they agree with any proposed changes in authorship of submission(s) or published item(s). This confirmation must be via direct email from each author. It is the corresponding author’s responsibility to ensure that all authors confirm they agree with the proposed changes. If there is disagreement amongst the authors concerning authorship and a satisfactory agreement cannot be reached, the authors must contact their institution(s) for a resolution. It is not the journal editor’s responsibility to resolve authorship disputes. A change in authorship of a published article can only be amended via publication of an Erratum.

Unique identifiers

ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) is an open, non-profit, community-based effort to provide a registry of unique researcher identifiers and a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers. Pharmaceutical Sciences encourages use of these unique identifiers for all authors. It is mandatory to provide the ORCID for the corresponding authors. The members of the editorial boards of the journals are also required to include their unique identifiers, including ORCID, in their profiles. 

Citations

Research and non-research articles (e.g., Opinion, Review, and Commentary articles) must cite appropriate and relevant literature in support of the claims made. Excessive and inappropriate self-citation or coordinated efforts among several authors to collectively self-cite is strongly discouraged.

Authors should consider the following guidelines when preparing their manuscripts:

• Any statement in the manuscript that relies on external sources of information (i.e., not the authors' own new ideas or findings or general knowledge) should use a citation.
• Authors should avoid citing derivations of original work. For example, they should cite the original work rather than a review article that cites an original work.
• Authors should ensure that their citations are accurate (i.e., they should ensure the citation supports the statement made in their manuscript and should not misrepresent another work by citing it if it does not support the point the authors wish to make).
• Authors should not cite sources that they have not read.
• Authors should not preferentially cite their own or their friends’, peers’, or institution’s publications.
• Authors should avoid citing work solely from one country.
• Authors should not use an excessive number of citations to support one point.
• Ideally, authors should cite sources that have undergone peer review where possible.
• Authors should not cite advertisements or advertorial material.

Duplicate publication

Any manuscript submitted to Pharmaceutical Sciences must be original and the manuscript or its substantial parts must not be under consideration by any other journal. In any case where there is the potential for overlap or duplication, we require authors to be transparent. Authors should declare any potentially overlapping publications on submission and where possible, upload these as additional files with the manuscript. Any overlapping publications should be cited. Any ‘in press’ or unpublished manuscript cited or relevant to the Editor’s and reviewers' assessment of the manuscript, should be made available if requested by the Editor. Pharmaceutical Sciences reserves the right to judge potentially overlapping or redundant publications on a case-by-case basis.

In general, the submitted manuscript should not already have been formally published in any journal or in any other citable form. If justified and made clear upon submission, there are exceptions to this rule, such as publication in the form of a poster or conference presentation.

The Pharmaceutical Sciences uses CrossCheck’s plagiarism detection technology and take seriously all cases of publication misconduct. Any suspected cases of covert duplicate manuscript submission will be handled as outlined in the COPE guidelines and the Editor may contact the authors’ institution (see Misconduct policy for more information). Pharmaceutical Sciences endorses the policies of the ICMJE in relation to overlapping publications.

Pre-print servers and author/institutional repositories

Posting a manuscript on a pre-print server such as ArXiv, BioRxiv, Peer J PrePrints, or similar platforms (both commercial and non-commercial) is not considered to be duplicate publication. Material that has formed part of an academic thesis and been placed in the public domain, as required by the awarding institution, will also be considered by Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Summary clinical trial results in public registries

Posting of summary clinical trial results in publicly accessible databases is generally not considered duplicate publication. Pharmaceutical Sciences requires authors of manuscripts reporting clinical trials to register their trial in a suitably accessible registry (see our Trial registration policy for more information).

Text recycling

Authors should be aware that replication of text from their own previous publications is text recycling (also referred to as self-plagiarism) and in some cases is considered unacceptable. Where overlap of text with authors’ own previous publications is necessary or unavoidable, duplication must always be reported transparently and be properly attributed and be compliant with copyright requirements. If a submission contains text published elsewhere, authors should notify the journal editors in the submission cover letter.

Peer review

All submitted manuscripts undergo a thorough closed double-blind peer review process. The authors and the reviewers will be treated anonymously. This usually involves review by two independent peer reviewers. Individual journals may differ in their peer review processes. For an individual journal’s peer review policy, please see the journal website.

Peer review policy

All submissions to Pharmaceutical Sciences are assessed by Editor-in-Chief, who will decide whether they are suitable for peer review. Where Editor-in-Chief is on the author list or has any other competing interest regarding a specific submission, another member of the editorial board will be assigned to assume responsibility for overseeing peer review. Submissions felt to be suitable for consideration will be sent for peer review by appropriate independent experts. Editor-in-Chief and/or Editors will make a decision based on the reviewers’ reports and authors are sent these reports along with the editorial decision on their manuscript. Authors should note that even in light of one positive report, concerns raised by another reviewer may fundamentally undermine the study and result in the manuscript being rejected. 
Policies application to editorial board members
Editorial Board Members in Pharmaceutical Sciences are required to declare any interests that might influence, or be perceived to influence, their editorial activities. In particular, they should exclude themselves from handling manuscripts in cases where there is a conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. This may include – but is not limited to – having previously published with one or more of the authors, and sharing the same institution as one or more of the authors. Editorial Board Members are welcome to submit papers to the journal. These submissions are not given any priority over other manuscripts, and Editorial Board Member status has no bearing on editorial consideration. When an Editorial Board Member is an author on a submission, they will have no involvement in the editorial review of the manuscript, no access to confidential information on the editorial process, and no input into the decision to publish the article.

Peer review and acceptance for in-house submissions 

In-house submissions (papers authored by Editors or Editorial Board Members of the title) will be sent to Editorial Board Members unaffiliated with the author or institution and monitored carefully to ensure there is no peer review bias. After receipt of a manuscript by the Editor-in-Chief, it may be sent to an appropriate number of reviewers (usually two, depending on the type of manuscript). Editor-in-Chief may ask for suggested reviewer names from an Editorial Board Member. Comments from reviewers are examined by the Editor-in-Chief and/or Editors, who make the final decisions. Rebuttals should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief at the email address provided on the journals’ website.
Editors
Based upon scientific achievements and publication trajectory, Pharmaceutical Sciences invites scientists from different disciplines and international institutions to serve as Editors. Pharmaceutical Sciences the applications and selects the best candidate according to the COPE guidelines, including issues related to competing interests. A regular auditing process is applied to ensure upon best practice, based on the COPE guidelines. The editors evaluate the articles and solicit peer reviewers. The peer reviewers’ comments are evaluated by the Editors, who have final decision on publication of content in the journal.

Peer reviewers

Authors may suggest potential reviewers if they wish; however, decision to consider these reviewers is at the editor's discretion. Authors should not suggest recent collaborators or colleagues who work in the same institution as themselves. Authors who wish to suggest peer reviewers can do so in the cover letter and should provide institutional email addresses where possible or information which will help the Editor to verify and identity the potential introduced reviewer (e.g., an ORCID or Scopus ID).
Authors may request exclusion of individuals as peer reviewers, but they should explain the reasons in their cover letter on submission. Authors should not exclude too many individuals as this may hinder the peer review process. Please note that the editor may choose to invite excluded peer reviewers.
Intentionally falsifying information, for example, suggesting reviewers with a false name or email address, will result in rejection of the manuscript and may lead to further investigation in line with our misconduct policy.

Confidentiality

Editors will treat all submissions to their journals as confidential documents. Reviewers are also required to treat manuscripts confidentially. Pharmaceutical Sciences will not share manuscripts with third parties, except in cases of suspected misconduct. See our Misconduct policy for further information.

Misconduct

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences takes seriously all allegations of potential misconduct. In this regard, the Pharmaceutical Sciences follows the COPE guidelines to deal with cases of suspected misconduct.

In cases of suspected research or publication misconduct, it may be necessary for the editor to contact and share manuscripts with third parties, for example, author(s)’ institution(s) and ethics committee(s). Pharmaceutical Sciences may also seek advice from COPE and discuss anonymized cases in the COPE Forum.

Research misconduct

All research involving humans (including human data and human material) and animals must have been carried out within an appropriate ethical framework (see our Ethics and consent policy for further information). If there is suspicion that the research has not been conducted within an appropriate ethical framework, the editor may reject a manuscript and may inform third parties such as author(s)’ institution(s) and ethics committee(s).

In cases of proven research misconduct involving published articles, or where the scientific integrity of the article is significantly undermined, articles may be retracted. See our Corrections and retractions policy for further information.

Publication misconduct

Pharmaceutical Sciences follows the COPE guidelines to deal with cases of potential publication misconduct.

Image manipulation

 All digital images in manuscripts considered for publication will be scrutinized for any indication of manipulation that is inconsistent with the following guidelines. Manipulation that violates these guidelines may result in delays in manuscript processing or rejection, or retraction of a published article.

• Any questions raised during or after the peer review process will be referred to the editor, who will request the original data from the author(s) for comparison with the prepared figures. If the original data cannot be produced, the submission may be rejected or in the case of a published article, retracted. Any case in which the manipulation affects the interpretation of the data will result in rejection or retraction. Cases of suspected misconduct will be reported to the author(s)’ institution(s).
• No specific feature within an image may be enhanced, obscured, moved, removed, or introduced.
• The grouping of images from different parts of the same gel or from different gels, fields or exposures must be made explicit by the arrangement of the figure (i.e. using dividing lines) and in the text of the figure legend.
• Adjustments of brightness, contrast, or color balance are acceptable if they are applied to every pixel in the image and as long as they do not obscure, eliminate or misrepresent any information present in the original, including the background. Non-linear adjustments (e.g. changes to gamma settings) must be disclosed in the figure legend.

Plagiarism

Pharmaceutical Sciences uses iThenticate software, which is a plagiarism detector service that verifies the originality of the submission content before publication. If plagiarism is identified, we will follow COPE guidelines.

Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to:

• Directly copying text from other sources
• Copying ideas, images, or data from other sources
• Reusing text from your own previous publications
• Using an idea from another source with slightly modified language

If plagiarism is detected during the peer review process, the submission may be rejected. If plagiarism is detected after publication, we reserve the right to issue a correction or retract the paper, as appropriate. We reserve the right to inform authors' institutions about plagiarism detected either before or after publication.

Corrections and retractions

Rarely, it may be necessary for Pharmaceutical Sciences to publish corrections to or retractions of articles published in its journals to maintain the integrity of the academic record.

In line with accepted norms of the academic community, corrections to, or retractions of published articles will be made by publishing an Erratum or a Retraction article, without altering the original article in any way other than to add a prominent link to the Erratum/Retraction article. The original article remains in the public domain and the subsequent Erratum or Retraction will be widely indexed. In the exceptional event that material is considered to infringe certain rights or is defamatory, we may have to remove that material from our site and archive sites.

Minor corrections might be made on the published articles by the original author(s) via posting a comment on the published article. This would only be appropriate where the changes do not affect the results or conclusions of the article.

Corrections

Changes to published articles that affect the interpretation and conclusion of the article, but do not fully invalidate the article, will, at the editor(s)’ discretion, be corrected via publication of an Erratum that is indexed and linked to the original article. Changes in authorship of published articles are corrected via an Erratum. See Authorship policy for further information.

Retractions

On rare occasions, when the scientific information in an article is substantially undermined, it may be necessary for published articles to be retracted. Pharmaceutical Sciences will follow the COPE guidelines in such cases. Retracted articles are indexed and linked to the original article.